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CategoriesMedium and Techniques

Performance Art

Art made through live actions by the artist or others, before an audience or for the camera, often with the body as its material.

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Performance art places the work in an action rather than an object. Its roots lie in Futurist evenings and Dada cabaret: at the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich in 1916, Hugo Ball recited sound poetry in a cardboard costume. In 1952 John Cage staged a simultaneous event of dance, painting, music and film at Black Mountain College, and by the late 1950s Allan Kaprow's Happenings and the Gutai group in Japan were treating art as action.

The 1960s and 1970s made the body central. Carolee Schneemann's Meat Joy (1964) turned flesh and meat into group ritual; Yoko Ono's Cut Piece (1964) invited the audience to cut away her clothes. Tehching Hsieh's one-year performances from 1978 made endurance the medium, and in Beijing Zhang Huan sat covered in honey and fish oil in a public latrine for 12 Square Meters (1994). Much of this survives only as photographs, video, scores or props.

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