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CategoriesMedium and Techniques

Process-Oriented

Works in which the making, with its actions, duration and materials, matters as much as the finished result, and often shows in it.

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Process-oriented art moves attention from the finished object to how it came about. The attitude gathered force after the Second World War, when Jackson Pollock's paintings were read as records of action, and it became a recognised tendency in the late 1960s. Robert Morris's essay "Anti Form" (1968) championed felt that slumped and materials left to find their own shape, and Richard Serra's Verb List (1967–68) begins with actions such as to roll, to crease and to fold; that year he also flung molten lead into the angle of a wall and floor.

The approach runs across media. Hans Haacke's Condensation Cube (1963–65) lets water evaporate and bead inside a sealed acrylic box; Richard Long walks routes and records them in photographs and text; Tara Donovan accumulates cups, pins or straws until a form emerges. Look for traces of time and procedure: drips, repeated marks, residues and instructions.

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