CategoriesArtistic Disciplines
Graphic Design
Designing with type, image and layout to communicate, from early printing and posters to modernist identities, signage and pictograms.
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About
Graphic design has roots in printing. After Johannes Gutenberg's movable type in the 1450s, printers such as Aldus Manutius in Venice refined typefaces and page layouts. Colour lithography made the street poster a major art in the 1890s, with Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec's flat, cropped images for Paris cabarets, and in Munich Ludwig Hohlwein later built posters from bold shapes.
Modernism brought the grid and sans-serif type. Russian Constructivists and Bauhaus teachers used photographs, bars and asymmetry, and after the Second World War Swiss designers such as Armin Hofmann refined an objective, systematic style. Otl Aicher's pictograms for the 1972 Munich Olympics set a model for wayfinding, Massimo Vignelli redrew the New York subway map in 1972, and Milton Glaser's I ♥ NY logo (1977) became a lasting emblem. Paula Scher builds identities from layered, loud type. Look for hierarchy, rhythm and the relationship of text to image.
